ELECTRIC VEHICLES VS. CONVENTIONAL VEHICLES: WHO WILL LEAD THE TRANSPORTATION ERA?
Keywords:
Electric Vehicles, Conventional Vehicles, Automotive Industry, Carbon Emissions, Hybrid TechnologyAbstract
This systematic review aims to explore the potential dominance of electric vehicles (EVs) over conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the transportation sector. The review examines key factors such as technological innovations, environmental impacts, infrastructure challenges, economic considerations, and government policies that influence the competitive landscape between EVs and ICE vehicles. The study follows PRISMA guidelines, analyzing 28 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025. Results reveal that EVs are increasingly competitive due to advancements in battery technology, energy efficiency, and reduced lifecycle emissions. However, challenges persist, including high purchase costs, inadequate charging infrastructure, and limited consumer awareness. Government incentives and regulatory frameworks play a crucial role in accelerating EV adoption, but the transition requires substantial investments in infrastructure and continued technological advancements. The review highlights the need for integrated solutions that address both the technological and socio-economic barriers to EV adoption. Ultimately, the study suggests that with the right policy support and infrastructure development, EVs have the potential to reshape the future of transportation, offering significant environmental and economic benefits compared to traditional ICE vehicles. This review provides valuable insights for stakeholders in the automotive industry, urban planning, and policy-making sectors.
References
Ardissone-Krauss, G., Wagner, M., & Kammann, C. (2025). Transitioning Hochschule Geisenheim University: A shift from NET source to NET sink regarding its CO2 emissions. Sustainability (Switzerland), 17(5), 2316. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052316
Arma, O. (2022). THE IMPACT OF VIRTUAL ANCHOR PERCEIVED WARMTH AND COMPETENCE ON CONSUMER PURCHASE INTENTION IN DIGITAL MARKETING. Artificial Intelligence Research and Applied Learning, 1(1). https://journal.dinamikapublika.id/index.php/aira
Beraldi, P., Algieri, A., & Lavia, G. (2025). Optimal design of hybrid multigeneration systems to enhance sustainability in the residential sector. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 198, 109051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2025.109051
Carbone, C., Sanzò, N., Dorsini, R., Nigliaccio, G., Di Florio, G., Cigolotti, V., & Agostini, A. (2025). An economic and environmental assessment of different bus powertrain technologies in public transportation. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 16, 101599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2024.101599
Çiçek, A., Karakuş, F., & Erdinç, O. (2025). A novel concept for optimal operation of multi-swap stations serving electric metrobuses. Energy for Sustainable Development, 86, 101722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101722Dang, Y., Wang, W., & Liu, J. (2025). Low-carbon economic scheduling of hydrogen-integrated energy systems with enhanced bilateral supply–demand response considering vehicle to grid under power-to-gas–carbon capture system coupling. Processes, 13(3), 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030636
Douglas, C. M., Shanbhogue, S., Ghoniem, A., & Zang, G. (2025). Well-to-wake cost and emissions assessments for the Western Australia–East Asia green shipping corridor. Applied Energy, 384, 125465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125465
Fan, H., Li, Z., Duan, Y., & Wang, B. (2025). Incentive policy formulation for China's electric vehicle market: Navigating pathways to sustainable mobility with a green premium analytical model. Energy Policy, 202(202), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114610
Fan, Z., Tong, H., Sun, N., Xiong, Y., Qu, X., Mao, H., & Peng, J. (2025). Environmental benefit assessment of vehicle electrification in the fuel cycle: A case study of Chengdu. Atmospheric Environment, 350, 121148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2025.121148
Hanchate, S. B. R., Korrapati, G., Limbakar, M. B., & Mohammad, K. S. (2025). IOT enabled security and safety system for smart electrical vehicles: A review. AIP Conference Proceedings, 3237(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0249893
Hu, X., Li, H., & Xie, C. (2025). Optimal charging scheduling of an electric bus fleet with photovoltaic-storage-charging stations. Applied Energy, 390, 125714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125714
Ingriana, A., Prajitno, G. G., & Rolando, B. (2024). THE UTILIZATION OF AI AND BIG DATA TECHNOLOGY FOR OPTIMIZING DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES. International Journal of Economics And Business Studies, 1(1), 21–42. https://doi.org/10.1234/IJEBS.V1I1.1
Irsyad, M. I., Firmansyah, A. I., Harisetyawan, V. T. F., Supriatna, N. K., Gunawan, Y., Jupesta, J., Yaumidin, U. K., Purwanto, J., & Inayah, I. (2025). Comparative total cost assessments of electric and conventional vehicles in ASEAN: Commercial vehicles and motorcycle conversion. Energy for Sustainable Development, 85, 101599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2024.101599
Irsyad, M. I., Firmansyah, A. I., Harisetyawan, V. T. F., Supriatna, N. K., Gunawan, Y., Jupesta, J., Yaumidin, U. K., Purwanto, J., & Inayah, I. (2025). Comparative total cost assessments of electric and conventional vehicles in ASEAN: Commercial vehicles and motorcycle conversion. Energy for Sustainable Development, 85, 101599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2024.101599
Li, B.-W., Chen, Z.-H., Zhu, X.-H., Zhang, Z., Peng, Z.-R., Zhao, H.-M., & He, H.-D. (2025). Assessment of eco-driving strategies on carbon emissions for hybrid vehicles through portable emissions measurement systems. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 16(3), 102365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2024.102365
Liu, K., Han, Z., Zhang, J., Tang, Z., & Tang, H. (2025). Techno-economic and environmental impacts of hybridization and low-carbon fuels on heavy-duty trucks. Energy Conversion and Management, 332, 119634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2025.119634
Maha, V. A., Hartono, S. D., Prajitno, G. G., & Hartanti, R. (2025). E-COMMERCE LOKAL VS GLOBAL: ANALISIS MODEL BISNIS DAN PREFERENSI KONSUMEN. JUMDER: Jurnal Bisnis Digital Dan Ekonomi Kreatif, 1(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1234/JUMDER.V1I1.9
Mamidala, S., Venkata Pavan Kumar, Y., & Mallipeddi, R. (2025). Revolutionizing electric vehicle charging stations with efficient deep Q networks powered by multimodal bioinspired analysis for improved performance. Energies, 18(7), 1750. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071750
Mamidala, S., Venkata Pavan Kumar, Y., & Mallipeddi, R. (2025). Revolutionizing electric vehicle charging stations with efficient deep Q networks powered by multimodal bioinspired analysis for improved performance. Energies, 18(7), 1750. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071750
Manzo, D., Thai, R., Le, H. T., & Venayagamoorthy, G. K. (2025). Fuel cell technology review: Types, economy, applications, and vehicle-to-grid scheme. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 75, 104229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2025.104229
Manzo, D., Thai, R., Le, H. T., & Venayagamoorthy, G. K. (2025). Fuel cell technology review: Types, economy, applications, and vehicle-to-grid scheme. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 75, 104229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2025.104229
Mardhiyah, A. S. (2022). TECHNOLOGY’S ROLE IN RESHAPING THE E-COMMERCE LANDSCAPE. Artificial Intelligence Research and Applied Learning, 1(2). https://journal.dinamikapublika.id/index.php/aira
Mulyono, H. (2024). Pengaruh Diskon Tanggal Kembar Pada E-Commerce Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian | International Journal of Economics And Business Studies. International Journal of Economics And Business Studies (IJEBS), 1(1), 1–20. https://journal.dinamikapublika.id/index.php/IJEBS/article/view/2
Mulyono, H., Hartanti, R., & Rolando, B. (2025). SUARA KONSUMEN DI ERA DIGITAL: BAGAIMANA REVIEW ONLINE MEMBENTUK PERILAKU KONSUMEN DIGITAL. JUMDER: Jurnal Bisnis Digital Dan Ekonomi Kreatif, 1(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1234/JUMDER.V1I1.10
Najmi, A.-U.-H., Wahab, A., Prakash, R., Schopen, O., Esch, T., & Shabani, B. (2025). Thermal management of fuel cell-battery electric vehicles: Challenges and solutions. Applied Energy, 387, 125635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125635
Petrović, N., Jovanović, V., Marković, S., Marinković, D., & Nikolić, B. (2025). Multi-criteria decision-making approach for choosing e-Bus for urban public transport in the city of Niš. Acta Technica Jaurinensis, 18(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.00758
Petrović, N., Jovanović, V., Marković, S., Marinković, D., & Nikolić, B. (2025). Multi-criteria decision-making approach for choosing e-Bus for urban public transport in the city of Niš. Acta Technica Jaurinensis, 18(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.00758
Putri, L. W. B. (2022). TRACING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARKETING IN THE AI ERA: A COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE ANALYSIS. Artificial Intelligence Research and Applied Learning, 1(1). https://journal.dinamikapublika.id/index.php/aira
Rahardja, B. V., Rolando, B., Chondro, J., & Laurensia, M. (2025). MENDORONG PERTUMBUHAN E-COMMERCE: PENGARUH PEMASARAN MEDIA SOSIAL TERHADAP KINERJA PENJUALAN. JUMDER: Jurnal Bisnis Digital Dan Ekonomi Kreatif, 1(1), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1234/JUMDER.V1I1.6
Rolando, B. (2024). CULTURAL ADAPTATION AND AUTOMATED SYSTEMS IN E-COMMERCE COPYWRITING: OPTIMIZING CONVERSION RATES IN THE INDONESIAN MARKET. International Journal of Economics And Business Studies, 1(1), 57–86. https://doi.org/10.1234/IJEBS.V1I1.4
Rolando, B., & Ingriana, A. (2024). SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS MODELS IN THE GREEN ENERGY SECTOR: CREATING GREEN JOBS THROUGH RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION. International Journal of Economics And Business Studies, 1(1), 43–56. https://doi.org/10.1234/IJEBS.V1I1.3
Rolando, B., & Mulyono, H. (2025a). Diverse Learning Environments on Students Entrepreneurial Intentions. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education-9, 9(1), 119–137. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v9i1.98592
Rolando, B., & Mulyono, H. (2025b). E-Commerce as a Catalyst for Digital Economy Development: A Study of Marketing Strategies and Their Impact. Journal of Distribution Science, 23(4), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.15722/jds.23.04.202504.61
Rolando, B., Ariyanto, K., Alexia, K. R., & Hartanti, R. (2022). PERAN AI DAN BIG DATA DALAM MENGOPTIMALKAN STRATEGI PEMASARAN DIGITAL. Artificial Intelligence Research and Applied Learning, 1(1). https://journal.dinamikapublika.id/index.php/aira
Rolando, B., Chandra, C. K., & Widjaja, A. F. (2025). TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS AS KEY DRIVERS IN THE TRANSFORMATION OF MODERN E-COMMERCE ECOSYSTEMS. 1(2). https://journal.dinamikapublika.id/index.php/Jumder
Rolando, B., Widjaja, A. F., & Chandra, C. K. (2025). UNDERSTANDING FASHION PURCHASING DECISIONS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN RETAIL (Vol. 1, Issue 1). https://journal.dinamikapublika.id/index.php/mosaic
Setiawan, B. L. T. (2022). ANALISIS PERAN AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) DALAM PEMASARAN DAN DAMPAKNYA PADA PERILAKU KONSUMEN. Artificial Intelligence Research and Applied Learning, 1(1). https://journal.dinamikapublika.id/index.php/aira
Shi, S., Ji, Y., Zhu, L., Liu, J., Gao, X., Chen, H., & Gao, Q. (2025). Interactive optimization of electric vehicles and park integrated energy system driven by low carbon: An incentive mechanism based on Stackelberg game. Energy, 318, 134799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.134799
Shi, S., Ji, Y., Zhu, L., Liu, J., Gao, X., Chen, H., & Gao, Q. (2025). Interactive optimization of electric vehicles and park integrated energy system driven by low carbon: An incentive mechanism based on Stackelberg game. Energy, 318, 134799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2025.134799
Singh, V. K., Chatterjee, A., Maiti, P., Parmar, P., Mukherjee, S., & Meikap, B. C. (2025). Pyrolysis of used lubricating oil using industrial waste-based catalyst for energy-efficient fuel generation: A comprehensive review. Fuel, 391, 134751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134751
Singh, V. K., Chatterjee, A., Maiti, P., Parmar, P., Mukherjee, S., & Meikap, B. C. (2025). Pyrolysis of used lubricating oil using industrial waste-based catalyst for energy-efficient fuel generation: A comprehensive review. Fuel, 391, 134751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.134751
Tan, D. M. (2022). A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE AI-POWERED MARKETING REVOLUTION: FROM TRADITIONAL TO DATA-DRIVEN APPROACHES. Artificial Intelligence Research and Applied Learning, 1(2). https://journal.dinamikapublika.id/index.php/aira
Tripathi, S., Gorbatenko, I., Garcia, A., & Sarathy, S. M. (2025). Life cycle environmental and cost impacts of bus transit networks: A real drive cycle evaluation of different powertrains. Energy Conversion and Management, 326, 119459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119459
Tripathi, S., Gorbatenko, I., Garcia, A., & Sarathy, S. M. (2025). Life cycle environmental and cost impacts of bus transit networks: A real drive cycle evaluation of different powertrains. Energy Conversion and Management, 326, 119459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.119459
Wang, S., Lima Pereira, L. T., & Ragni, D. (2025). Design exploration of UAM vehicles. Aerospace Science and Technology, 160, 110058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2025.110058
Wang, S., Lima Pereira, L. T., & Ragni, D. (2025). Design exploration of UAM vehicles. Aerospace Science and Technology, 160, 110058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2025.110058
Widjaja, A. F. (2025). FACTORS INFLUENCING PURCHASE INTENTION IN E-COMMERCE: AN ANALYSIS OF BRAND IMAGE, PRODUCT QUALITY, AND PRICE. 1(3). https://journal.dinamikapublika.id/index.php/Jumder
Wijaya, A. J. (2022). PERAN DAN IMPLEMENTASI TEKNOLOGI KECERDASAN BUATAN DALAM PENGALAMAN KONSUMEN E-COMMERCE: SEBUAH TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS. Artificial Intelligence Research and Applied Learning, 1(1). https://journal.dinamikapublika.id/index.php/aira
Winata, V. (2022). OPTIMIZING BIG DATA PROCESSING THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW. Artificial Intelligence Research and Applied Learning, 1(2). https://journal.dinamikapublika.id/index.php/aira
Zhang, G., Feng, X., Xie, T., & Zhang, K. (2025). Day-ahead versus intra-day scheduling of microgrids dominated by charging and swapping stations: A Stackelberg game and adaptive rolling forecast optimisation based approach. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 76, 104267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2025.104267
Zhu, P., Hu, J., Zhu, Z., Xiao, F., Li, J., & Peng, H. (2025). An efficient energy management method for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles based on multi-source and multi-feature velocity prediction and improved extreme learning machine. Applied Energy, 380, 125096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.125096
